History Forum / General / General Topics / June 2006

By Kevin E. Abrams

       The Weimar Republic was proclaimed on November 9, 1918.
It was marked by a new liberalism which offended
traditionalists, but where new ideas gained a hearing, they
helped promote what was touted as a more `rational' approach to
sexuality. There was a degree of cautious liberalization in
social mores and the law; the homosexual subculture was granted
an increased measure of tolerance, particularly in Berlin.(1)
The issue of homosexuality became a subject of free public
discussion and `The Institute for Sex Research' and the
`Scientific Humanitarian Committee' were established in Berlin
by Magnus Hirschfeld, an effeminate homosexual,  for the
promotion of homosexual rights.(2 & 3)

       Historian Frank Rector records that the German Workers
Party-the forerunner to Hitler's Nazi Party-"was founded at a
gay bar in Munich, called the Bratworstglockl."(4)  Jonathan
Katz, a gay Holocaust historian, writes, "most, if not all, of
its founding members were either homosexuals or bisexuals." Katz
writes that "the founders of the party were also founders of the
`Bund fur Menschenrecht' (The Society for Human Rights), the
largest homosexual rights organization in Germany at the
time."(5) The major distinction between Hirschfeld's Institute
and the `Bund' was that Hirschfeld's following was largely made
up of effeminate, passive anti-pedophile adherents, while the
Bund was comprised of  butch or masculo-homosexuals who were
pro-pedophile.

       On May 6, 1933, Nazi Party Stormtroopers attacked and
totally destroyed Hirschfeld's Institute.(6)  Ludwig L. Lenz, a
gynecologist who worked there at the time, writes, "our
Institute was used by members of every political party. We had a
great many Nazis under treatment at the Institute." Lenz wrote
of  the real reason for the destruction: "the answer is simple,
we knew too much; one thing is certain, not ten percent of those
men who, in 1933, took the fate of Germany into their hands,
were sexually normal. Our knowledge of intimate secrets
regarding members of the Nazi Party and our other documentary
material-we possessed about forty thousand confessions and
biographical letters-was the cause of me destruction of the
Institute for Sexology."(7)

       After World War 1, unemployment and poverty compounded
the social chaos in Germany. To re-establish order the
democratic leadership found it necessary to call upon the Army,
which had recruited some curious formations, known as the
`Freikorps (Free Corps) or `combat groups'-private armies
recognizing no other leader than the officer commanding them.
These groups put down all local insurrections.(8) Historians
Robert Lewis Koehl and G.S. Graber record how army Captain
Gerhard Rossbach started a homosexual Freikorps unit called the
Rossbachbund (Rossbach Brotherhood) which later adopted the name
"Storm Troopers"  in honor of the ancient German god of storms,
Wotan.(9)  Historian Robert Waite writes, "the
Rossbach-Organization was a combat league, while the
Schill-Jugend was a youth contingent organized on a local basis
by Edmund Heines, Rossbach's young associate. The two units were
notorious for homosexuality and for their wearing brown shirts
which had been prepared for German colonial troops."(10) Heines
became assistant and homosexual lover to Hitler' s close friend
and confidant, Ernst Roehm. Historian of record William L.
Shurer writes, Roehm "was a stocky, bull-necked, piggish-eyed,
scar-faced professional soldier-a tough, ruthless, driving
man-albeit, like so many of the early Nazis, a homosexual-he
helped to organize the first Nazi strong-arm squads which grew
into the S.A., the army of storm troopers which he commanded
until his execution by Hitler in 1934."(11)

       Roehm's eventual comrade Rossbach was, according to
historian Nigel Jones, a "sadist, murderer, and homosexual,
[and] one of the most admired heroes of post 1919 German youth."
"In Rossbach," says a popular book on the youth movement, "we
see the Fuhrer of our youth idolized and honored as can only
happen in a time when `the personality of an individual counts
for everything.'"(12) `Freebooter' (armed bands of uprooted men
Freikorps, Free Corps) commanders didn't forget the trust placed
in them by German youth. They understood the valuable role youth
could play in resurgent, racist nationalism.  Roehm enrolled
hundreds into the S .A . Stormtroopers and historian Frank
Rector records that, "the Hitler youth was so rampantly
homosexuality that it became known among the German populace as
the Homo Youth."(13)

Konrad Heiden, author of  A History of National Socialism,
writes:

       homosexuality was widespread in the secret murderers'
    army and  its devotees denied that it was a perversion.
  They were proud, regarding themselves as `different from
 the others,' meaning better. They boasted about their
superiority.(14)  Roehm exclaimed that the misfortune of the
  age was domination by women; he praised the epochs that
had been dominated by figures like Alexander the Great,
Caesar, Charles Xll Sweden, Prince Eugene of Savoy and
Frederick the Great, five great warriors and five
homosexuals.(15)

       Louis L. Snyder writes, "what was needed, Roehm
believed, was a proud, arrogant lot who could brawl, smash
windows and kill for the hell of it. Straights, in his eyes,
were not as adept in such behavior as practising homosexuals. No
closets for them. Good citizenship in the Bourgeois sense be
damned, up with homosexuality."(16)

       In 1919, Adolf  Hitler entered the German Workers Party
which was founded by members of  the racist Thule Society. This,
in fact, was the German branch of the Theosophical society which
was founded in the 1870s by two homosexual men, Henry Olcott and
convicted pedophile Charles Leadbeater, and two lesbians, Helena
P. Blavatsky, a Russian born medium and Annie Beasant a former
Fabian Socialist. Hitler was introduced into the Thule Society
by his occult mentor Deitrich Eckhart and gained control of the
German Workers Party on August 8, 1921. With Roehm' s help he
transformed the party into the NSDAP, `the German National
Socialist Workers Party' and ultimately the Nazi Party. Rector
writes that, "much of the early funding of the Nazi Party came
from  Roehm and other prominent German homosexuals."(17)

       Allied to certain big industrialists and the
Prusso-Teutonic Junkers or landowners, Roehm and the
Rossbachbund propagated anti-democratic ideas. Preaching
militarism, they feigned republican sentiments while
simultaneously working to overthrow the new German Republic.
Paul Winkler in his book, The Thousand Year Conspiracy, relates
how the murder of hundreds of democratic leaders after 1918 can
be traced back to the "Rossbach and `C' (Consul) Organizations
whose principal aim it was to execute, one by one, the leaders
of the young German republic."(18)

       Founded on August 3, 1921, the S.A. (Sturmabteilung)
Storm Troopers were the shock troops or street thugs of the Nazi
Party. Transformed by Roehm into a revolutionary force, they
soon exceeded what remained of the German Army in numbers and
power.(19) Under Roehm's leadership, the S.A. provided
protection for party leadership and meetings. Historian Thomas
Fuchs writes, "Roehm's homosexuality is well established, and
may have specially qualified him in Hitler's mind for his
appointment as head of the S.A. Storm Troopers. The principle
function of this army- like organization was beating-up anyone
who opposed the Nazis, and Hitler believed this was a job best
undertaken by homosexuals."(20)  Shirer writes:

       the brown-shirted S.A. never became more than a motley
     mob of brawlers. Many of its top leaders, beginning with
its         chief, Roehm, were notorious homosexual perverts.
   Lieutenant Edmond Heines, who led the Munich S.A., was
not only a homosexual but also a convicted murderer.
These two and dozens of others quarrelled and feuded as
only men of unnatural sexual inclinations with their
peculiar jealousies, can.(21)

       The Nazis' vicious persecution of Jewish citizens began
on November 9, 1938, now known as `Kristallnacht' ("Crystal
Night") or the Night of Broken Glass. Over 236 Jews were
murdered, hundreds more died in concentration camps and at least
30,000 Jewish men were imprisoned.(22) The British
consul-general in Germany, R.T. Smallbones, who witnessed
Kristallnacht, writes that, "this outbreak of sadistic cruelty"
was caused by "sexual perversion, and in particular
homosexuality," which, he writes, "are very prevalent in
Germany." In seeking to understand what he had just witnessed,
Smallbones surmises, "It seems to me that mass sexual perversity
may offer an explanation for this otherwise inexplicable
outbreak."(23)

       Edmund Heines brought his Bavarian Rossbach-organization
and Schill-Jugend (youth group), the original `Brownshirts,'
into the S.A. in Munich in 1923. Heiden reports that,
"Lieutenant Rossbach's troop, notorious for its homosexuality,
spent its time brawling, smashing windows and shedding blood.
Heines belonged to Rossbach's organization before joining
Hitler; then Rossbach and Heines formed a center with Roehm
which took over and led the S.A."(24)

       The preeminence of homosexuals in the rise of German
Naziism is no historical anomaly. Ancient historian Eva
Cantarella states that, "the most warlike nations have been
those who were most addicted to the love of male youths."(25)
Anthropologist Gilbert Herdt, a homosexual, personally observed
that, "ritual homosexuality was a part of preparation and
training for warrior status and warfare for the Sambia of Papua
New Guinea."(26) Cantarella writes, "military homosexuality has
been detected in the Azande of Africa and in the Amazon basin of
South America." "Greek homosexuality had its origins in warrior
life. The Thebans and Spartans were said to have taken their
male lovers with them as comrades and sex partners."  In Japan,
"the sons of Samurai families were urged to form homosexual
alliances with warriors." Historian Max Gallow records how the
Nazis clearly fell into a `homosexual warrior cult category.' He
describes how "S .A. leaders hired a homosexual pimp by the name
of Peter Granninger, and paid him 200 marks a month to procure
young attractive boys from the Hitler Youth to become
participants in S.A. orgies."(27)

       Nazi fascism was born of the kind of sexual debauchery
and `victim plunder ideology' undermining America today.
Posturing as the victim was a primary Nazi\homosexual tactic. In
light of what became the masculo-homosexual Nazi domination of
Germany, plunder of Europe and persecution of the Jewish people,
I seriously question and challenge those of my own faith, who,
ignorant of the evidence of history, either espouse or support,
in any way, a positive affirmation of homosexuality. In May
1993, Washington D.C. Holocaust Museum historian Klaus Muller
(see side bar) chastised "some gay groups and researchers" for
"inventing" massive numbers of homosexual "victims" and
"misusing the Holocaust as merely a `dramatic metaphor.'"

       What Muller is perhaps reluctant to acknowledge is that
exaggerating homosexual victim status is at the core of gay
political strategy. In an article entitled, "The Over-hauling Of
Straight America," Marshall K. Kirk and Erastes Pill advise:

 portray gays as victims, not as aggressive challengers. In any
campaign
to win over the public, gays must be cast as victims in need of
protection
so that straights will be inclined by reflex to assume the role of
protector. If gays are presented, instead, as a strong and prideful
tribe
promoting a rigidly nonconformist and deviant lifestyle, they are more
likely to be seen as a public menace that justifies resistance and
oppression. For that reason, we must forego the temptation to strut
our
gay pride publicly when it conflicts with the `Gay Victim' image.(28)

       In Nazi Germany, homosexuals as a specific "group" were
NEVER targeted for extermination and were treated far better
than most other concentration camp prisoners. Dr. Judith
Reisman, co-author of Kinsey, Sex and Fraud, documents how "the
data does not sustain claims of homosexual martyrdom. On the
contrary, in June 1935, two years after Hitler's victory, the
term unnatural was purged from the definition of homosexuality
in the German Criminal Code." Gay holocaust historian Jonathan
Katz reports that "without Himmler's express permission, even if
police repeatedly apprehended homosexual actors and artists
engaged in sodomy, they were not to be arrested. Again in 1940,
Himmler reiterated that only homosexual "multiple offenders"
could be jailed, while a pledge of abstinence could result in
their freedom. No laws penalized non- practising homosexuals."

       Reisman writes, "no `gay ghettos' were plundered and
wiped from the face of the earth, their populations hauled off
to be gassed, while 6 million Jews lost their `civic rights,'
jobs, education, and lives." She states, "it is unconscionable
for radical homosexuals to wrest `Nazi victim status' from the
bones of millions of exterminated men, women and children.
History, a true guide to the future, cannot be fictionalized to
suit the interests of a modern `superman' class."(29)  Austrian
author Heinrich Heger in his book, The Men With The Pink
Triangle, testifies to homosexual brutality in the Nazi
concentration camps when he tells how "the S .S. guards and
officers would repeatedly rape pink triangle prisoners, and
Jewish and Gypsy boys. The SD-SS guards would use sadomasochism
on a daily basis."

       Historian of the rise of Naziism, Konrad Heiden, records
that the S.A. fell apart in 1925 after Nazi election losses and
after Hitler broke with Roehm. A sex scandal involving Roehm,
initiated by the Democrats, helped to defeat the Nazis and
eventually forced Roehm to leave Germany. Roehm fled to Bolivia
where the army was seeking German officers. There he was engaged
with the rank of Bolivian lieutenant- colonel. Roehm wrote home
complaining there was so little understanding of homosexuality
in Bolivia, yet he cynically promised "to spread the
culture."(30)

       In 1930, Hitler recalled Roehm to once again head the
S.A.Brownshirts. Hitler praised Roehm as "a collaborator endowed
with talents, ironic clear-sightedness, and at the same time
good will. Hitler allowed Roehm the greatest liberties in order
to instill confidence in him for his new task of building up
Hitler as `Der Fuehrer.'"(31)

       After Roehm's return, Heiden records that, "Roehm
immediately provoked opposition by filling the S.A. leadership
with his homosexual cohorts, Captain von Petersdorff, Captain
Rohrbein and Count Ernst Helldorf, an adventurer and military
profiteer of the worst sort. For a time in 1931 Josef Goebbels,
Reich Minister of Propaganda, also grew embittered at Roehm's
repulsive `harem.' He cried out that he was sick of taking
orders from the `vain operetta queen' in Munich."(32) Historian
Samuel Igra states, "the Brownshirts started out as an
exclusively homosexual and bisexual organization, and the
leadership remained so."(33)  Igra also documents how "Hitler
named the `SS,' his personal bodyguard, the Leibstandarte - SS
after a homosexual group in Vienna at the turn of the century.
Frederick the Great (1746-1786), an openly effeminate
homosexual, was Hitler's greatest hero. Hitler displayed a large
painting of Frederick from behind his desk.

       The gay and bisexual officer corps of the S.A. became
the Sicherheitsdienst (S.D.), organized by Reinhard Heydrich,
Himmler's second in command. It was this branch of the SS
security Service that controlled the concentration camps. Of the
three SS divisions the Sicherheitsdienst division was the most
sadistic. Whenever the murder of innocent masses of Jews, Poles
or captured allied prisoners was portrayed in the movies, it
would have been the Sicherheitsdienst division, the `butch'
homosexuals, who were responsible. This created some ironic
situations, especially since the laws concerning homosexuality
were made more stringent after 1935. Gay author Barry Adam
writes that author Heinrich Heger was "convicted and sentenced
to six years in a concentration camp for seducing the son of a
Nazi official in Austria." Adam writes, "Heger could never quite
understand why his persecutors would beat him up for being
homosexual and then force him to commit homosexual acts with
them."(34)  The charge of  homosexuality also became a "catch
all" for political prisoners who did not fit into other
categories. Historian Warren Johansson writes that, "many of
those convicted under paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code
[which classified homosexuality as an unnatural form of
licentiousness, carrying a prison term for persons caught in
such an act] were not homosexual some were opponents of the
regime.(35)  Heiden explains, "with Roehm and Heines, Hitler
helped to impose the rule of Roehm's exclusively homosexual
clique over the S.A." Hitler wrote a letter of praise and thanks
to the depraved murderer, Edmond Heines. "The disciplining of
the S.A.," Hitler wrote, "remains . . . above all, dear Heines,
your achievement and that of your staff, read: `men's harem'."
Hitler praised Heines, "for your services which have been above
all praise," and said, "today I feel a special need to thank you
most heartily for this and to express my full appreciation."(36)

       Some felt that Roehm brought shame to the organization
but Hitler defended him. "Captain Roehm," he said, "remains my
Chief of  Staff, now and after the elections, despite all
slanders."(37) Hitler also knew that Roehm and his friends were
causing untold misery among the boys and youth in their
companies by forcing them to their will. Edmond Heines had an
equally bad reputation. "In the spring of 1933 there was so much
scandal about Heines and the youths in the upper forms of the
schools at Breslau, that an attempt was made to transfer him
under the pretext of a promotion, but, Heines simply refused to
go."(38) By 1934, "almost everyone in Germany knew about the
S.A. and their degenerate leaders; they condemned Roehm's newly
organized Berlin headquarters as the scene of extravagant and
obscene homosexual orgies," writes Heiden.(39)

       Numerous sources, including Heiden's Der Furhrer,
document that in the early days of the National Socialist
Movement, "when Hitler was still engaged in his struggle against
the state, he appealed to the `Uprooted and Disinherited'
praising them as his best troops."(40) Roehm and Hitler,
however, completely failed to understand one another. Hitler
wanted to conquer the world while Roehm and the S.A . were
calling for a second socialist "revolution." Roehm also wanted
control of the German military, one thing the proud Prussian
Officer Corps would not tolerate-a gang of unruly homosexual
thugs running the German army. Hitler was told the army would
not support his war plans if Roehm's S.A. Stormtroopers were let
in. Thus Hitler had a choice: give up his plans or tell Roehm
and the S.A. to forget their plans. Hitler chose the latter.

       After January 30th, 1933, when the Nazis achieved power,
Hitler forbade his partisans even to use the term `revolution.'
In Hitler's mind, the National Socialist revolution was
complete. On January 27th, 1934, Hitler made one last attempt to
gain Roehm's compliance. Heiden writes: "Hitler wrote Roehm a
letter full of strikingly cordial phrases intended to honor and
pacify Roehm. He assured the homosexual murderer that he was
extremely grateful to destiny for having given me the right to
call a man like you my friend and comrade in arms, in cordial
friendship and grateful respect, Your Adolf Hitler."(41)

       Finally, at the beginning of June 1934, "Hitler,
according to his own account, had a five-hour conversation with
Roehm, in which he demanded the liquidation of Roehm's male
harem, and, more generally, a complete change in his system of
leadership. It appears that Roehm refused to be intimidated and
contradicted Hitler stubbornly. From this moment on, the fate of
the S.A. and their leaders was sealed." Hitler, far from being
opposed to homosexuals, knew he must separate himself from Roehm
if he were to become supreme chief of the Reich and gain the
trust of heavy industry, the army and landowners.(42)

       On June 26th, 1934, Hitler made a final offer to Roehm,
through his secretary Rudolph Hess, a bisexual known in
homosexual circles as "Fraulein Anna,"(43) to forgive Roehm his
indiscipline, abuse of power, `evil' intentions and scandalous
behavior, provided he renounce the second revolution. "An old
National Socialist," said Hess, "must be generous toward human
peculiarities and weaknesses in National Socialist Leaders if
these go hand in hand with great achievements and because of the
great achievements Hitler will forgive the little
weaknesses."(44) Thus five days before Roehm was to be
eliminated in the mass-murders of June 30th, 1934-known as "The
Night of the Long Knives"-Hitler was prepared to forgive all.

       Heiden writes:

       After Hitler eliminated not only his friend and comrade-in-
arms
Ernst Roehm, but also many other `enemies,' he was able to claim that
as
an act of necessity he had eliminated those elements which were
dragging
Germany's present into disrepute, a small group, which as a result of
its
scoundrel past, had become `uprooted and lost altogether any sympathy
with
any ordered human society.' Corrupt, dissolute, homosexual,
revolutionaries, they were like a nodule of cancer in the body politic
which must be ruthlessly obliterated.(45)

       But it couldn't have been Roehm's homosexuality that
Hitler found objectionable. Pro-gay writer Frank Rector records,
"Hitler Youth Leader Baldur von Schirach was bisexual, Hitler's
private attorney, Reich Legal Director and Minister of Justice
Hans Frank was homosexual, Hitler's adjutant Wilhelm Bruckner
was bisexual, Deputy Feuhrer Rudolf Hess was bisexual and Reich
Minister of Economics Walther Funk was homosexual."(46) Also,
based on a secret wartime report titled, "The Mind of Hitler,"
by Walter C. Langer, and Robert G. L. Waite's The Psychopathic
God, there is strong evidence that Hitler worked as a male
prostitute in Vienna and that he engaged in a volatile form of
sadomasochism. Based on Langer's research, Hitler also possessed
a large collection of pornography.(47 & 48)

       Moreover, Shirer attests that although Hitler cited Roehm's
homosexuality as a reason for his execution, it is clear he not only
tolerated but had been for years fully aware of Roehm's proclivities.

Shirer writes:

       And yet Hitler had known all along, from the earliest days of
the
party, that a large number of his closest and most important followers
were sexual perverts and convicted murderers. It was common talk, for
instance, that Heines used to send S.A. men scouring all over Germany
to
find him suitable male lovers. These things Hitler had not only
tolerated
but defended; more than once he had warned his party comrades against
being too squeamish about a man's personal morals if he were a
fanatical
fighter for the movement. Now, on June 30, 1934, he professed to he
shocked by the moral degeneration of some of his oldest
lieutenants.(49)

       With the blood purge of June 30, 1934, Hitler had in one
fell swoop `destroyed his rivals, drugged the Army and taken the
industrialists' measure." He branded the Brownshirts "traitors,
conspirators, criminals and homosexual outcasts."(50)  Much to
the delight of the Reichswehr (the German army), landowners and
industrialists, Hitler had put an end to the `Second Socialist
Revolution.' By eliminating Roehm and his homosexual clique, the
Army believed that they, with heavy industry, would be the
pillars of the Third Reich. But this was a war that Hitler won,
the war for Germany. Hitler was not about to "share" power with
others.  Germany and the German people had given themselves over
to him, a pathological god born of a masculo-homosexual cult,
marked by deviance, brutality and dictatorial power. Germany,
and the National Socialist revolution, steeped in a liberal
miasma of sexual deviance and homofascism, had given birth to
Nazi Imperialism.

       How can we now ignore the hidden history of sexual
deviance so prevalent in Nazi and pre-Nazi Germany? The present
picture being offered by gay activists for public
consumption-with the ubiquitous "pink triangle" motif-fails to
acknowledge this side of  the story. Although some homosexuals,
and many of those who were framed with trumped-up charges of
homosexuality, suffered and died at the hands of the Nazis, for
gay apologists to portray themselves as historical victims of
Nazi persecution on par with the Jewish people is a gross
distortion of history, perhaps equal to denying the Holocaust
itself. In light of the preeminent role sexual deviance played
in the rise of Nazi power and in Nazi crimes against humanity,
how can homosexuals today cast themselves or be cast as prime
"victims" of Naziism? Indeed, if history is to be told
accurately, the behavior of homosexuals under Hitler's barbarous
rule provides further evidence that homosexuality is a
pathology. How then can human rights groups, politicians,
academics, and the media be so totally ignorant of the epidemic
proportions of sexual deviance which prevailed amongst the
Nazis? Ironically, the record shows that there was far more
brutality, rape, torture and murder committed against innocent
people by Nazi deviants and homosexuals, than there ever was
against homosexuals.

Endnotes

1. The Weimar Republic, The Crisis of Classical Modernity. First
  published as "Die Weimarer Republik" by Suhrkamp Verlag am Main,
1987.
First American Edition 1992, translated by Richard Deveson, published
by
Harper Collins, p. 104.

2. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Homosexuality in the Third Reich.
Israel Gutman, Editor, MacMillan Publishing Company N.Y., pp.
687-688.

3. Katz, Jonathan Gay American History: Lesbian and Gay Men in the
U.S.A.,
New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1976:632n94.

4. Rector, Frank, The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals, New York:
Stein
and Day, 1981 :69.

5. Katz, Jonathan, Gay American History: Lesbian and Gay Men in the
U.S.A., p.632n94. 6. Haeberle, Erwin J., Hidden From History,
Swastika,
Pink Triangle, And Yellow Star: The Destruction Of Sexology And The
Persecution Of Homosexuals In Nazi Germany, New York: A Meridian Book,
1989:368.

7. Ibid., p. 369.

8. Delarue, Jacques, Translated by Mervyn Savill, The Gestapo: A
History
of Horror. Dell Publishing 1964, pp. 16-17.

9. Cavendish, Marshall, Man. Myth & Magic. The Illustrated
Encyclopedia of
Mythology. Religion and the Unknown, p. 2739.

10. Waite, Robert G.L. Assistant Professor of History, Williams
College.    Vanguard Of Nazism. The Free Corps Movement In Post
War Germany    1918-1923, Harvard  University Press, 1952:19.

11. Shirer, William L., The Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich, Simon
And
Schuster, New York. 1960, p. 38.

12. Jones, Nigel, Hitler's Heralds. The Story of the Freikorps,
 1918-1923, pp. 124-125.

13. The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals, p. 52.

14. Heiden, Konrad, Der Fuehrer, Hitler's Rise to Power. Houghton
Mifflin
Company, Boston, Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1944, pp.  294-295.

15. Ibid.

16. Snyder, Louis L., Hitler's Elite.  Biographical Sketches of Nazis
Who
Shaped The Third Riech.

17. Rector, Frank, The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals, p. 52.

18. Winkler, Paul. The Thousand Year Conspiracy. Secret Germany Behind
The
Mask. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, l943: 133.

19. Delarue, Jacques, The Gestapo: A History of Horror, p. 18.

20. Fuchs, Thomas, The Hitler Fact Book, New York: Fountain Books,
1990:
pp. 48-49.

21. Shirer, William L., The Rise And Fall Of  The Third Reich,
p. 120.

22. Read, Anthony & Fisha, David, Kristallnacht, The Nazi Night of
Terror,
Random House 1989, p. 128.

23. Ibid., pp. 68-69.

24. Heiden, Konrad, Der Fuehrer, Hitler's Rise to Power, p. 295.

25. Cantarella, Eva, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, Yale University
Press, New Haven & London, 1992, p. 71.

26. Herdt, Gilbert, The Sambia. McGraw Hill Incorp., 1981, p.
202.

27. Gallo, Max, The Night of the Long Knives, New York: Harper & Row
1972:60.

28. Marshall K. Kirk & Erastes Pill, "The Overhauling Of Straight
America," November 1987, Guide Magazine. Originally published as a
two-part essay in Christopher Street, Volume 8, number 11.

29. Reisman, Judith A., "And Now For The Pink Triangle."
Muller's    article originally appeared in The Advocate, May 4,
1993.

30. Heiden, Konrad,  Der Fuehrer, pp. 303-304.

31. Ibid., pp. 370-371.

32. Ibid., pp. 371-372.

33. Igra, Samuel, Germany's National Vice, London: Quality Press
Ltd.,    1945:67.

34. Adam, Barry D., The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston:
Twayne Publishers, 1987:54.

35. Johansson, Warren, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Pink Triangles,
New
York: Garland Publishing, 1990:997.

36. Heiden, Konrad, Der Fuehrer, p. 372.

37. Ibid., pp. 451-452.

38. Heiden, Konrad, History of National Socialism, p. 418. 39. Heiden,
Konrad, Der Fuehrer, p. 746.

40. Ibid., p. 732.

41. Ibid., p. 737. 42. Ibid., pp. 746-747.

43. Waite, Robert G.L., The Psychopathic God Adolf Hitler, New York:
Basic Books, 1977:235.

44. Ibid., p. 755.

45. Hitler's Mistakes, Lewin, Ronald, & Leo Cooper in association with
Secker & Warburg, p. 38.

46. Rector, Frank, The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals, p. 56.

47. Langer, Waltcr C., The Mind of Adolf Hitler, The Secret Wartime
Report, Basic Books Inc., Publishers, New York, p. 103.

48. Waite, Robert G.L., The Psychopathic God Adolf Hitler, p. 235.

49. Shirer, William L., The Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich, p. 225.

50. Hitler's Mistakes, p. 38.

Author's recommended reading: Der Fuehrer by Konrad Heiden.

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